In the mid 1600s in America, before tap dance shoes were invented, the bare soles of slaves walking rhythmically across the wood decks of river boats combined with the energetic steps of the Irish jig and the Lancashire clog. These movements that originated worlds apart, merged and evolved into the tap dance beat. That beat would take to the minstrel stage during the 1800s. Thomas D. Rice (1808 to 1860), who performed in the role of "Jim Crow," took tap dancing onto center stage and to a formal place in history for tap by the turn of the century. By the time that Bill Robinson (1878 to 1949) became famous as "Bojangles," tap dance shoes were part of the total package. Robinson wore tap shoes with wooden soles and heels. His dance partner in a memorable 1935 film called "The Little Colonel" was Shirley Temple, who popularized eyelet style tap dance shoes, with large, laced through bows. In the film, Robinson and Temple demonstrate the "stair step routine" invented by Robinson, which showcases them tapping up and down a staircase. Robinson and Temple would go on to show off their fancy tap footwork and shoes in three other films, "The Littlest Rebel" in 1935, and "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm" and "Just Around The Corner" in 1938. Tap dancing was featured often in movies made between 1935 and 1970, with the focus on glamorous costumes and shoes. Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers tapped their way through the 1936 classic, "Swing Time." Astaire's standard of perfection included black patent leather shoes. Quite apart from the formidable dance routines, Rogers had to contend with wearing high heeled tap shoes. She made every dance routine look effortless, even though on at least one occasion her feet bled from the strain. Her white satin covered shoes turned red. The movies made tap dancing look magical and glamorous, and the demand for tap dance shoes grew accordingly, bringing about new design features over the years. Traditionally, leather soled flat tap shoes are considered best, especially for beginners, and not rubber soles because they tend to stick. Canvas and synthetic materials are also used in place of leather. Most taps have adjustable screws to create different sound effects, and they should be of equal width as the heels and toe of the shoes. Styles have evolved to include lace up Oxfords, Mary Janes, the Jazz, the heeled tap, and the tap sneaker. The legendary choreographer and director,Tommy Tune, began his award winning career as part of the chorus on Broadway in the mid 1960s. At six foot six inches, he was probably the tallest dancer to take the stage. He went on to tap dance in two notable movies, "Hello Dolly" in 1969 and "The Boyfriend" in 1971. Meanwhile, at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, the high kicking Rockettes were also keeping alive the tap dance tradition, all at least 5 foot six inches tall, and stepping perfectly in time. For aspirants to Broadway and Radio City Music Hall, Broadway style high heeled tap dance shoes are sold with taps already installed as are sturdy yet flexible tap dance shoes designed to take the beginner all the way to Broadway and film fame. The 1989 film "Tap" stars the dancer Gregory Hines. It illustrates the history of tap dancing. The film famously includes Hines performing an electronic tap dance sequence, wearing a special pair of electronic tap shoes. Al Desio, the inventor of the shoes, built electronic transmitters into the tap shoes. The transmitters were connected to synthesizers so that when Hines tapped, he was able to create different sounds. The film was directed by Nick Castle Jr., the son of the legendary Hollywood choreographer, Nick Castle (1910 to 1968) who worked with Shirley Temple, Fred Astaire and many other dance stars. The History of Jazz Shoes Tap Dancers; The History of Jazz Shoes; X. Must See: Slide Shows. The History of Jazz Shoes. Jazz dancers wear flexible shoes. American Tap Dance History The art of tap dance originated in the United States more than 300 years ago. . In the mid 1600s in America, before. What Makes Tap Shoes Make Noise? What Makes Tap Shoes Make Noise?. Whether it music to your ears or the making of a good headache, . before tap. The History of Tap Dance The History of Tap Dance. Part of the series: Tap Dancing For Beginners. . The History of Tap Dance Shoes. Basic Tap. Information About Tap Shoes The History of Tap Dance Shoes. How to Attach Taps to Shoes. How to Attach a Tap to a Shoe. Featured. DIY. Who Invented Wooden Clogs? Some of the first clogs, wooden shoes invented by the Dutch, were worn out of necessity rather than beauty. . before tap. Who Invented the Tennis Shoe? The first tennis shoes were made of canvas. This washable material was practical for busy workers as well as athletes. Fun Fact. How to Buy Tap Shoes How to Buy Tap Shoes. Part of the series: Tap Dancing For Beginners. . The History of Tap Dance. How to Do. What Are the Taps on Tap Shoes Made Of? What Are the Taps on Tap Shoes Made Of?. . The History of Tap Dance Shoes. In the mid 1600s in America, before. How Are Dance Floors Made? How Are Dance Floors Made?. Dancing is something you can do anywhere but if you do it a lot, . Some forms of. The History of Ballet Pointe Shoes As an extension of a dancer foot, toe shoes, . Ballet emerged as a recognized dance form in France during the reign. 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After dropping three of four to the Yankees including Thursday's gut punching 6 5 loss before an announced 24,659 the Orioles find themselves in a tie for fifth in the wild card race with Kansas City, 2 games behind the Tampa Bay Rays for the critical second Wild Card spot. With only 16 games left albeit four against Tampa Bay next weekend the Orioles (77 69) are realistically about as far away from the postseason as they have been in 2013. Perhaps no game in this head shaking season was as painful to stomach for the Orioles and their fans as Thursday's, when red hot Danny Valencia hit a two out, three run homer in the eighth to tie the game at 5 5 only to see closer Jim Johnson implode in the top of the ninth. Johnson (3 8) allowed a single, made an error on a sacrifice bunt and then uncorked a wild pitch to allow the go ahead run to score. aggressive, trying to get the lead out, the ball slipped and that kind of started the whole inning, Johnson said of the bunt play, in which he fired the throw into center field. get bunted on quite a bit pitching later in the game, and that's something I'm usually pretty good at. I figure if the team wants to give me an out, I'll take an out. And we work on that hard in spring training. And I'll do it again, 100 times out of 100. induced a double play to get out of the inning, but his missteps set the stage for the game's greatest closer, Mariano Rivera, to make one final appearance at Camden Yards in his brilliant career. Honored before the game with a baseball and bat sculpture, the retiring Rivera padded his career best total against one big league team by making his 136th appearance, but he didn't get his 80th save against the Orioles. Instead, with a perfect ninth, Rivera (6 2) was awarded the win via the official scorer's decision because setup man David Robertson, who surrendered the homer to Valencia, was brief and ineffective in his outing. Either way, the Orioles' gradual disappearance from the playoff picture continues. The credit for that goes to a second half in which the club is 24 26. Just when they seem ready to push ahead, they fall back evidenced by a 6 6 record in September and a 4 4 mark on a homestand that began with three of four wins against the Chicago White Sox. very tough, Valencia said. of these losses at this point are really tough. We need to bounce back. We're a resilient group. This is a big road trip for us, and we just need to play good baseball. you are looking for a bright spot from Thursday, there's this: The Orioles and Yankees got the game in despite a one hour 18 minute pre game rain delay, and therefore won't have to return on Monday's mutual off day. The next time the Orioles are back home is Sept. 24 for a season ending six game homestand. The club was hoping those contests would mean something, but that climb is now further uphill after the disconcerting Yankees series. "A lot of baseball left," manager Buck Showalter said. "Very easy group of young men to have confidence in. I'm lucky and honored to have a seat to watch it, just like I was tonight. And we'll see what tomorrow brings. We'll get to bed about 4 or 5 in the morning and do it again tomorrow night." After winning Monday, the Orioles dropped three straight to the Bronx Bombers. They blew leads in the first two losses; on Thursday, they were down by four by the third inning. Wei Yin Chen, who pitched well in his last start against the White Sox on Saturday, took several innings to settle down. He allowed two runs in the second on a home run by former Orioles teammate Mark Reynolds, and two more in the third on a single by Vernon Wells. Chen began the third by allowing two walks and a double, but wiggled free by getting three consecutive outs. That began a streak of 13 straight batters retired before Curtis Granderson homered to the right field flag court in the seventh. Chen saved his outing, but the damage was done. Phil Hughes, the Yankees' disappointing right hander who hadn't won since July 2, lasted just three plus innings. But that was more of a tactical decision by manager Joe Girardi than anything forced by the Orioles' offense. It scored just once in those three innings, a RBI single by Manny Machado. After an error by Eduardo Nunez to lead off the fourth, Girardi replaced Hughes with left hander David Huff, who originally had been scheduled to start Thursday. A day earlier, though, Girardi switched to Hughes because he believed Huff was more comfortable coming out of the bullpen. 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Industries related to food and other products that are basic to the needs of people will remain upbeat in a slump. Campbell Soup stock price has not depreciated significantly during this recession. The gaming industry has actually experienced growth during the current ongoing recession. Some computing companies haven yet been introduced to the current recession. IBM for example, has registered growth for the second successive quarter. Investors can shift their focus to these industries. Even some companies that have experienced a decline in the value of their stocks will be worth investing in if they show enough promise of bouncing back soon. 2 More Thrust on Sales: When the economy is running smoothly or booming many salespeople become mere order takers and are not delivering value to their clients. There is hardly any skill required to push sales as the brand name of the product and huge consumer demand automatically result in sales. But when the economy slows down, consumer demand dips for a large range of products. That when sharp sales skills should be used to keep sales figure up. The smart ones succeed in selling reasonably well despite the hard times. Organizations should reassess their sales strategies as well as the efficiency of their sales teams. There may be a need for weeding out non performers from the sales team and rewarding the performers. Companies should have a well defined and effective sales process in place. All salespeople should adhere to the sales process and apply every ethical sales method that is known to them to get a sale. The possibility of online sales should be fully explored, as Forrester Research points out, that online consumers will spend $3000 4000 per year and their desire to spend is unlikely to be affected by recession. 3 Emphasis on Customer Service: In good economic times you may get away with poor customer service. 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